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Describe the mendicant orders of the thirteenth century. According to Cambridge.org, “Four main mendicant orders, with diverse geographical and ideological origins, became influential in Britain: the Franciscans (Friars Minor), the Dominicans (Friars Preacher, or Black Friars), the Augustinian (Austin) Friars, and the Carmelites (the White Friars).” The Franciscans are a group of related medicant Christians religious orders, primarily used be the Catholic church. The Dominicans were founded in Toulouse, France, by Saint Dominic and is also known as the Order of Preachers. It is in order of the Catholic church. The Augustinian Friars were a Latin Rite Order and consecrated religious. The Carmelites are also known as Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel is a Roman Catholic mendicant religious order for men and women. 

What was the significance of the Magna Carta? According to Independent, “Magna Carta, which means ‘The Great Charter’, is one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.” Some people think that the Magna Carta is significant because the king had to follow the same rules as the citizens. 

What was the significance of King Philip IV of France? According to Wikipedia, “Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne.” His reign is said to be one of the most important in mediaeval history. This is because he challenged the authority of the Pope of France, and was successful.

What are some common misconceptions about the Crusades, and why are they incorrect? One of these is when the father dies, he leaves his land to the older son. So people think that the younger sons went to earn some land, but really the older sons went to the crusades. 

The events of the Fourth Crusade. It started when preparations were made to go capture Zara, and were successful. After this Alexis wanted to have a meeting with King Philip. The king made a proposition, but it didn’t go well. After that Constantinople was raided. 

Business skills development. According to Indeed “Business skills are competencies that help people understand consumer habits and organizational behavior so they can use this information to promote the success of the company. Business skills typically qualify as soft skill and may include leadership and communication skills.” Business skills are basically skill sets that you have that can help you earn money. One of the skill sets I have is I’m good with children, so when I can I’ll babysit. I could also do pet care because I love animals. I think that I would be better at pet care because I have so much pets. My family has around 30 chickens, a gecko, a cat, a dog, two rabbits, three ducks, like 60 sheep, and one more sheep living at our house. 

Everyone who owns a business needs business skills. They are crucial to having a good business. Without them your business won’t go too well.  

Compare Paul’s concept of God’s sovereignty in Romans 9:1-23 with Justin’s concept of God’s sovereignty in Chapter XLIII: RESPONSIBILITY ASSERTED. Romans 9:1-23 says “

9 I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying, my conscience confirms it through the Holy Spirit— 2 I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart. 3 For I could wish that I myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my people, those of my own race, 4 the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption to sonship; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. 5 Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen.

6 It is not as though God’s word had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel. 7 Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.” 8 In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children, but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring. 9 For this was how the promise was stated: “At the appointed time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”

10 Not only that, but Rebekah’s children were conceived at the same time by our father Isaac. 11 Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad—in order that God’s purpose in election might stand: 12 not by works but by him who calls—she was told, “The older will serve the younger.” 13 Just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”

14 What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Not at all! 15 For he says to Moses,

“I will have mercy on whom I have mercy,
    and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”

16 It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy. 17 For Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.

19 One of you will say to me: “Then why does God still blame us? For who is able to resist his will?” 20 But who are you, a human being, to talk back to God? “Shall what is formed say to the one who formed it, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” 21 Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for special purposes and some for common use?

22 What if God, although choosing to show his wrath and make his power known, bore with great patience the objects of his wrath—prepared for destruction? 23 What if he did this to make the riches of his glory known to the objects of his mercy, whom he prepared in advance for glory.”

Romans 9:1-23 explains that God is all powerful. He made everything and everyone. Justin says that God created man and is worthy of all praise. They both believed God deserves all praise, but were some what different in their beliefs.

What was the Great Schism? What factors brought it on? According to the New World Encyclopedia “The Great Schism, also called the East-West Schism, divided Christendom into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, which then became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, respectively. Usually dated to 1054, the Schism was the result of an extended period of tension and sometimes estrangement between then Latin and Greek Churches. The break became permanent after the sack of Byzantium Constantinople by Western Christians in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade.”

What are the sacraments? According to Wikipedia, “There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition”.

What is an indulgence? According to Wikipedia, “In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is ‘a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins.” 

Compare the ethical behavior of Zeus with the ethical teaching of Jesus. According to Wikipedia “Zeus (Ζεύς) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman Equivalent Jupiter. His mythology and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkunas, Perun, Indra, Dyaus, and Zoiz” So basically Zeus is the most powerful god of the Greeks. He is very powerful and ruthless. He was not someone that you would want to be around. To the Greeks it was make the gods happy or else they would bring you bad sanctions, but if you didn’t make Zeus happy your pretty much dead. 

While Jesus teaches us that we are all loved and have a chance to make it to Heaven. We need to admit that we are sinners, believe that Jesus died for us, then confess Him as Lord. After we believe in him we need to Stop doing all the bad stuff we wee doing then do what God wants us to do.

Romans 3:23 ” For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, 24 and all are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus.”

Romans 5:8 “But God demonstrates his own love for us in this While we were still sinners Christ died for us”

Romans 6:23 “For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life through Christ Jesus our Lord.”

Acts 5:8 “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved”

John 3:16 “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.”

I know that the better choice of these two is Jesus.

 

What were the problems besetting the Church in the tenth and eleventh centuries? What was “moderate reform”? In the tenth and eleventh centuries the church had started to develop some problems. One of these problems is called deteriorate which according to the dictionary means “become progressively worse.” So basically the church started to worsen because people in the Western Empire couldn’t do what they needed to because the Empire was to big. The church was caught in a feudal system, so the church officials started acting like vandals and this disrupted the church. The moderate reform was a time where Pope Leo IX wrote a Collection of 74 Titles. 

Describe the events that took place during the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV. What was at stake? When Pope Gregory VII was elected he said thing about Henry IV that he didn’t like. Gregory said that Henry was only supposed to to specific things and not elect clergymen. If he didn’t do this then the Pope said that he was a tyrant. This started an argument against these two and it ended with Henry exiling Gregory and because of it Gregory died. 

What was Christendom? Christendom is something that refers to Christians and everything about them. So basically it refers to me too because I am a Christian. 

How were adoption and inheritance related in Paul’s thought? All throughout Paul’s life he wrote many of the books from  the New Testament. Some of these are Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus and Philemon. These books (also called letters) of the Bible were written to other churches and people. He even wrote some of them while he was in prison for preaching. Some books were written to teach others like 1-2 Timothy. 

So how were adoption and inheritance related in Paul’s thought? Paul tells us that when we become Christians God adopts us. And so we inherit the kingdom of God. No one is an heir to Gods kingdom. Because Adam sinned we are all now born sinners. In the book of Roman’s there are many well known verses which people call the Romans Road. Some of the well-known verses are Romans 3:23 “For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” Then Romans 6:23 says “For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” John 3:16 is maybe the most well-known verse from the Bible. It says “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.” 

Paul wanted everyone to be save that he was willing to risk his life for people to be saved. Paul also wanted people to know that anyone can be saved. Some people think that God won’t accept them because they sinned too much or did to big of a sin, but for God there is no such thing as too big of a sin or too much sin. He will accept anyone. 

 

Describe feudalism and manorialism. According to the dictionary feudalism is “the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.” Basically this means that people could live on some ones land and work for him to provide him with supply’s. In return the people got military protection because this was the time of Barbarian and Viking invasion. 

According to Britannica “manorialism, also called manorial system, seignorialism, or seignorial system, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord.” This is basically how ownership worked at this time. 

Why were the Sadducees and the apostles unable to find a way to reconcile their rival opinions? According to Wikipedia “The Sadducees were a socio-religious sect of Jewish people who were active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE through the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. The Sadducees are often compared to other contemporaneous sects, including the Pharisees and the Essenes.”

Throughout the book of Acts the Sadducees and the apostles were having a conflict against each other. The book of Acts can be located in the New Testament of the Bible. The Sadducees were practicing the mosaic law and the apostles were preaching the new law of Christianity. The Sadducees were really mad at the apostles because they saw them as a threat and because of their teachings. The were willing to do anything to stop the apostles from preaching their belief, even kill them. They captured, imprisoned, and killed the apostles so they would stop, but they didn’t. Some of them were even happy they were being arrested because that meant that people knew who they were, because they would die for their faith, and they would go to be with the Lord. In 1 Corinthians 16:13 Paul tells the other apostles to “Be on your guard; stand firm in the faith; be courageous; be strong.” Another verse that tells us to stand firm is 1 Corinthians 15:58, “Therefore, my beloved brothers, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labor is not in vain.” 

The Sadducees were angry at Paul for sending these letters to others so they did everything they could to scare the apostles and to stop them from preaching, but they wouldn’t. The apostles knew that what they were preaching was right so they did anything that they could to let others know. The Sadducees would not give up their Mosaic law for Christianity. They wouldn’t accept it so they killed the one’s who preached it. This proves how much the apostles loved God, that they were willing to die for Him.