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The significance of the rise of the medieval towns.  The rise of the medieval towns was significant for multiple reasons. One of them was the people were annoyed that the government never got anything done, so they made their own government. Also some of the traders started to live in the towns. 

Major innovations of the Gothic cathedral. According to anthenapub.com, “The two main structural innovations of Gothic architecture were pointed arches and ogival or  (Bony 1983).” According to Wikipedia “A pointed arch is an arch with a pointed crown, whose two curving sides meet at a relatively sharp angle at the top of the arch.” According to Wikipedia ““A ribbed vault is an arched form created by the intersection of two or three barrel vaults used to support the weight of walls or a ceiling or roof.“

What was Augustine’s view of Christianity’s role in history? According to Wikipedia “Augustine of Hippo, also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophyand Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Churchin the Patristic Period.” According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Augustine was perhaps the greatest Christian philosopher of Antiquity and certainly the one who exerted the deepest and most lasting influence. He is a saint of the Catholic Church, and his authority in theological matters was universally accepted in the Latin Middle Ages and remained, in the Western Christian tradition, virtually uncontested till the nineteenth century.“ 

He writes things like don’t be focused on this world, but be focused on the City of God. And other things like don’t be afraid of people or dying, because God is the only one that can destroy your soul. There are a lot of Bible verses about fear. There is Psalms 56:3-4 “When I am afraid, I put my trust in you. In God, whose word I praise-in God I trust and am not afraid. What can mere mortals do to me?” Another one is Mathew 6:26-27 “Look at the birds of the air; they do not sow or reap or store away in barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not much more valuable than they? Can any one of you by worrying add a single hour to your life?” Fear is pretty much unless because there isn’t too much to fear. The only thing you should fear is God, because He can save you from your fears. Mathew 10:28 ” Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather, be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul and body in hell.” And that one is God.

 

The just-war theory. According to Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Just war theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought… The principles of the justice of war are commonly held to be: having just cause, being a last resort, being declared by a proper authority, possessing right intention, having a reasonable chance of success, and the end being proportional to the means used.” This means that laws were set to tell you how to fight in a war.

The divine attributes. According to Cambridge.org, “The Divine Attributes explores the traditional theistic concept of God as the most perfect being possible.” The Attributes of God are things like perfectness, kindness, and patience. 

What kinds of developments occurred during the renaissance of the twelfth century? According to Wikipedia “The epoch of the Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest bureaucratic states of the West, it saw the culmination of Romanesque art, and the beginnings of Gothic; the emergence of the vernacular literatures; the revival of the Latin classics and of Latin poetry and Roman law; the recovery of Greek science.”

What was Scholastic philosophy? According to Wikipedia “Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a Critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.”

A brief overview of the life and work of Thomas Aquinas. According to Google, “His best-known works are the Disputed Questions on Truth (1256–1259), the Summa contra Gentiles (1259–1265), and the unfinished but massively influential Summa Theologica, or Summa Theologiae (1265–1274). His commentaries on Scripture and on Aristotle also form an important part of his body of work.“

How important was the doctrine of hell to the martyrs? According to The Conversation.com “In traditional Christian doctrine, hell was conceived as a place, generally beneath the earth, where the wicked would be punished for eternity. There would be both psychological torment – at our knowing we had lost the opportunity for salvation – and physical ones inflicted by the Devil and his demons. There were gnawing worms and unquenchable fires. No escape from hell or mitigation of eternal torment was possible.” Hell is a very terrible place where no one wants to go. Hell is so bad that even the demons don’t want too go there. Mathew 8:28-29 says “28 And when He came to the other side into the country of the Gadarenes, two demon-possessed men confronted Him as they were coming out of the tombs. They were so extremely violent that no one could pass by that way. 29 And they cried out, saying, “What business do You have with us, Son of God? Have You come here to torment us before the time?”” The time is when Jesus would cast the devil and his demons into the lake of fire forever. Revelation 20:10 “And the devil who had deceived them was hurled into the lake of fire and burning brimstone (sulfur), where the beast (Antichrist) and false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night, forever and ever.” Some people say that hell isn’t real and that Christians just made it up to scare people into Christianity, but hell is very real which means Heaven is too.

According to Wikipedia “A martyr is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party.” Martyrs are basically people who are willing to die for their faith in their religion. There are also many martyrs in the Bible. For example John the Baptist, Stephen, and James. 

How important was the doctrine of hell to the martyrs? It was very serious. When Christian martyrs would tell people about Jesus many would die for it. For only some of the martyrs who were caught They would be given the chance to deny God. If they did they would be released, but if they didn’t they would be killed. Some were not given this choice though. There were so many ways that they could be killed. There was burning to death, being decapitated, stoned crucified, and being drowned. It is horrifying to think of dying like that. It is basically murder except for the fact that the martyrs broke the law and it’s the government that’s killing you, but it’s still murder. If you were a martyr and you were given the choice to deny God and live or be killed, which one would you choose? 

Describe the mendicant orders of the thirteenth century. According to Cambridge.org, “Four main mendicant orders, with diverse geographical and ideological origins, became influential in Britain: the Franciscans (Friars Minor), the Dominicans (Friars Preacher, or Black Friars), the Augustinian (Austin) Friars, and the Carmelites (the White Friars).” The Franciscans are a group of related medicant Christians religious orders, primarily used be the Catholic church. The Dominicans were founded in Toulouse, France, by Saint Dominic and is also known as the Order of Preachers. It is in order of the Catholic church. The Augustinian Friars were a Latin Rite Order and consecrated religious. The Carmelites are also known as Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel is a Roman Catholic mendicant religious order for men and women. 

What was the significance of the Magna Carta? According to Independent, “Magna Carta, which means ‘The Great Charter’, is one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.” Some people think that the Magna Carta is significant because the king had to follow the same rules as the citizens. 

What was the significance of King Philip IV of France? According to Wikipedia, “Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne.” His reign is said to be one of the most important in mediaeval history. This is because he challenged the authority of the Pope of France, and was successful.

What are some common misconceptions about the Crusades, and why are they incorrect? One of these is when the father dies, he leaves his land to the older son. So people think that the younger sons went to earn some land, but really the older sons went to the crusades. 

The events of the Fourth Crusade. It started when preparations were made to go capture Zara, and were successful. After this Alexis wanted to have a meeting with King Philip. The king made a proposition, but it didn’t go well. After that Constantinople was raided. 

Business skills development. According to Indeed “Business skills are competencies that help people understand consumer habits and organizational behavior so they can use this information to promote the success of the company. Business skills typically qualify as soft skill and may include leadership and communication skills.” Business skills are basically skill sets that you have that can help you earn money. One of the skill sets I have is I’m good with children, so when I can I’ll babysit. I could also do pet care because I love animals. I think that I would be better at pet care because I have so much pets. My family has around 30 chickens, a gecko, a cat, a dog, two rabbits, three ducks, like 60 sheep, and one more sheep living at our house. 

Everyone who owns a business needs business skills. They are crucial to having a good business. Without them your business won’t go too well.  

Compare Paul’s concept of God’s sovereignty in Romans 9:1-23 with Justin’s concept of God’s sovereignty in Chapter XLIII: RESPONSIBILITY ASSERTED. Romans 9:1-23 says “

9 I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying, my conscience confirms it through the Holy Spirit— 2 I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart. 3 For I could wish that I myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my people, those of my own race, 4 the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption to sonship; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. 5 Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen.

6 It is not as though God’s word had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel. 7 Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.” 8 In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children, but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring. 9 For this was how the promise was stated: “At the appointed time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”

10 Not only that, but Rebekah’s children were conceived at the same time by our father Isaac. 11 Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad—in order that God’s purpose in election might stand: 12 not by works but by him who calls—she was told, “The older will serve the younger.” 13 Just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”

14 What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Not at all! 15 For he says to Moses,

“I will have mercy on whom I have mercy,
    and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”

16 It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy. 17 For Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.

19 One of you will say to me: “Then why does God still blame us? For who is able to resist his will?” 20 But who are you, a human being, to talk back to God? “Shall what is formed say to the one who formed it, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” 21 Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for special purposes and some for common use?

22 What if God, although choosing to show his wrath and make his power known, bore with great patience the objects of his wrath—prepared for destruction? 23 What if he did this to make the riches of his glory known to the objects of his mercy, whom he prepared in advance for glory.”

Romans 9:1-23 explains that God is all powerful. He made everything and everyone. Justin says that God created man and is worthy of all praise. They both believed God deserves all praise, but were some what different in their beliefs.

What was the Great Schism? What factors brought it on? According to the New World Encyclopedia “The Great Schism, also called the East-West Schism, divided Christendom into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, which then became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, respectively. Usually dated to 1054, the Schism was the result of an extended period of tension and sometimes estrangement between then Latin and Greek Churches. The break became permanent after the sack of Byzantium Constantinople by Western Christians in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade.”

What are the sacraments? According to Wikipedia, “There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition”.

What is an indulgence? According to Wikipedia, “In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is ‘a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins.”